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K Line (Los Angeles Metro)

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K Line
K Line train running alongside Florence Avenue in Inglewood, August 2022
Overview
Other name(s)Crenshaw/LAX Line
StatusPartially open
OwnerLos Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Line number807
Termini
Stations7 active (13 total)
Websitemetro.net/riding/guide/k-line
Service
TypeLight rail
SystemLos Angeles Metro Rail
Depot(s)Division 16 (Westchester)
Rolling stockKinki Sharyo P3010 operating in 1 or 2 car consists
Daily ridership3,170 (weekday, April 2024) Increase[1]
Ridership998,245 (2023) Increase
History
OpenedOctober 7, 2022; 2 years ago (2022-10-07)[2]
Technical
Line length5.9 mi (9.5 km)[3]
Number of tracks2
CharacterAt-grade in exclusive right-of-way, with underground and aerial sections
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
ElectrificationOverhead line, 750 V DC
Operating speed55 mph (89 km/h) (max.)
20 mph (32 km/h) (avg.)
Route map
Map K Line highlighted in pink
Legend
 Expo/​Crenshaw Parking
E Line 
 Martin Luther King Jr.
Leimert Park
Hyde Park
Hyde Park tunnel
 Fairview Heights Parking
Downtown Inglewood
I-405 (1961).svg I-405
 Westchester/​Veterans
Division 16 Maintenance
and Storage Facility
 LAX/Metro Transit Center Parking (2025)
LAX Automated People Mover C Line 
 Aviation/​Century (2024)
C Line 
LAX runway tunnel
I-105 (1961).svg I-105
C Line 
C Line
to Norwalk
 Mariposa
El Segundo Parking
Douglas Parking
Division 22 Maintenance
and Storage Facility
 Redondo Beach Parking
Multiple services
sharing tracks
Handicapped/disabled access
All stations
are accessible
This diagram:

The K Line is a 5.9-mile (9.5 km) light rail line running north–south between the Jefferson Park and Westchester neighborhoods of Los Angeles, California, passing through various South Los Angeles neighborhoods and the city of Inglewood. It is one of six lines in the Los Angeles Metro Rail system operated by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro). It opened on October 7, 2022, making it the system's newest line.

Starting November 3, 2024, the C and K lines will undergo service changes to accommodate pre-revenue testing at the upcoming LAX/Metro Transit Center station, scheduled to open in 2025. The C Line's western terminus will be redirected to Aviation/Century station and a southern segment of the K Line will be created between Aviation/Century station and Redondo Beach station. Once LAX/Metro Transit Center station opens, the C Line will terminate at this station, and the K Line will operate as a single, continuous service through it. The LAX Automated People Mover, which will offer a connection to the airport's terminals, will begin service at LAX/Metro Transit Center station in 2026.

Service description

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Route description

[edit]
South of Fairview Heights station, the K Line runs along the Harbor Subdivision right-of-way

The K Line's northern terminus is at Expo/Crenshaw station, a transfer point to the E Line. The K Line station here is underground and does not provide a track connection to the at-grade E Line. Provisions are in place to allow the line to extend further north. The route follows Crenshaw Boulevard from Exposition Boulevard south to 67th Street. It travels underground in a one-mile (1.6 km) deep-bore tunnel, which transitions into an at-grade segment in the median of Crenshaw Blvd (between 48th and 59th Streets) where trains run synchronized to existing traffic signals. From 59th and 67th Streets, the line returns underground into a shallow cut-and-cover tunnel for a half-mile (0.8 km).

South of there, the route emerges from the tunnel and enters the Harbor Subdivision right of way, which runs parallel to Florence Avenue and Aviation Boulevard. The line mostly operates at-grade in this exclusive right-of-way, briefly transitioning onto elevated viaducts to cross over major thoroughfares including La Brea Avenue and I-405.

The current southern terminus of the line is Westchester/Veterans station. The extension under construction continues along an exclusive right-of-way, crossing over Manchester Avenue, Century Boulevard, and Imperial Highway. North of Century Boulevard, LAX/Metro Transit Center station will be at-grade and serve as the new western terminus of the C Line and function as a transfer point to the currently under construction LAX Automated People Mover. At Century Boulevard, Aviation/Century station will sit on a viaduct and also be shared with the C Line. The line will then briefly enter an open trench as it passes close to the LAX runways[4] before connecting to the existing C Line at a wye west of Aviation/LAX station. The K Line will subsume the westernmost segment of the C Line west of the wye, running south before ending at Redondo Beach station. All of this will begin on November 3, 2024.[5][6][7] Until this extension opens, Metro is operating a bus shuttle called the "C & K Line Link" from Westchester/Veterans to Aviation/LAX.

Hours and frequency

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K Line service hours are approximately from 4:30 a.m. until 12:00 a.m. daily. Trains operate every 10 minutes throughout the day. Night and early morning weekend service is every 20 minutes.[8] It takes approximately 18 minutes to traverse the line's 5.9 mi (9.5 km) route.

Time 4A 5-7A 8A-1P 2-7P 8P-12A
Weekdays 12 10 20
Weekends/Holidays 20 10 20

Station listing

[edit]

The K Line currently serves seven stations. It will stop at six more (four are currently part of the C Line) starting November 3, 2024.[9] The following is the complete list of stations, from north to south.

Station Opened/opening[10] City (Neighborhood) Major connections and notes
Expo/​Crenshaw October 7, 2022[2] Los Angeles (Jefferson Park) E Line 
Park and ride: 450 spaces (closed Sunday)
Martin Luther King Jr. Los Angeles (Baldwin Hills/Leimert Park)
Leimert Park Los Angeles (Leimert Park)
Hyde Park Los Angeles (Hyde Park)
Fairview Heights Inglewood Park and ride: 200 spaces
Downtown Inglewood SoFi Stadium via shuttle bus
Westchester/​Veterans C Line via C & K Line Link
LAX/Metro Transit Center 2025[7] Los Angeles (Westchester) C Line 
Los Angeles International Airport LAX via LAX Shuttle
LAX Automated People Mover LAX Automated People Mover (2026)[11]
Aviation/​Century November 3, 2024[6] C Line 
Mariposa[a] August 12, 1995
(November 3, 2024 as K Line[6])		 El Segundo
El Segundo[a] Park and ride: 93 spaces
Douglas[a] Park and ride: 30 spaces
Redondo Beach[a] Hawthorne and Redondo Beach[b] Park and ride: 450 spaces
  1. ^ a b c d Currently part of the C Line.
  2. ^ The station straddles two cities. The north end of the station is in the city of Hawthorne, and the south end of the station is in the city of Redondo Beach.

Ridership

[edit]
Annual ridership
Year Ridership %±
2022 257,765 —
2023 998,245 +287.3%
Source: Metro[12]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Los Angeles Metro Rail and Busway

Early transit proposals

[edit]
To prepare for a LAX extension, Metro built two concrete ramp stubs west of the Aviation/LAX station.

Extending the C Line (formerly the Green Line) to Los Angeles International Airport was an early goal of Los Angeles transit planners. Studies in 1984 and 1988 outlined routes from the Aviation/LAX station, running northeast to LAX and Westchester, similar to later plans for the second phase of the Sepulveda Transit Corridor.[13] Although planners planned to add a spur towards LAX, they did not include it over fears that commuters would not use the line if they had to go through the airport on the way to work.[14] The proposed extension to LAX was further complicated by concerns from the Federal Aviation Administration that the overhead lines of the rail line would interfere with the landing paths of airplanes. Amid ambivalence at LAX and L.A. City Hall, the plans to extend the line to the airport were shelved.[15] To serve the once bustling aerospace sector in El Segundo, the line goes south to the Redondo Beach station.[14] Access to the airport requires connecting to a shuttle bus at the Aviation/LAX station.[16]

Crenshaw/LAX Line project

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A north–south line along Crenshaw Blvd was planned following the 1992 Los Angeles riots as a way to better serve transit-dependent residents in the corridor while at the same time providing stimulus for positive economic growth in the South Los Angeles region.[17] The corridor was originally served by Los Angeles Railway Line 5 yellow streetcars until 1955 when the service was replaced with buses.[17] The proposed line would link the E and C lines via Crenshaw and Florence, and a wye would be constructed to connect the K Line tracks to the C Line tracks near the Aviation/LAX station. There would also be a station serving the LAX Airport (Aviation/Century station), completing the LAX connection envisioned by planners in the 1980s.[18] The new line was championed by State Senator Diane Watson and County Supervisor Yvonne Brathwaite Burke, both representing portions of the corridor.

K Line test train crosses Interstate 405 in August 2022

A Major Investment Study was initiated in 1993,[19] and after more than a decade of study, a Final Environmental Impact Report was completed in May 2011.[20] The FTA gave its approval to build the line in 2012,[21] and heavy construction began in June 2014, funded by Measure R.[22] Los Angeles County Supervisor Mark Ridley-Thomas was a key advocate for tunneling and other grade separation along the line. He also convinced Metro in 2013 to add an extra underground station at Leimert Park (Crenshaw/Vernon).[23][24][25][26]

The route was designated as the K Line in November 2019.[27] Originally scheduled to open in 2019, the project saw repeated delays. In April 2020, Metro announced that the completion date for the project would be pushed to no earlier than May 2021 due to construction issues. The support structures for bridges and tunnels had concrete plinths that were incorrectly installed, requiring extensive repairs to sections where tracks had already been installed.[28] The K Line was substantially complete on June 17, 2022.[29]

Even with the line's completion, it won't connect to the C Line or LAX until late 2024. Metro is currently constructing a new station at LAX/Metro Transit Center, providing Metro riders a seamless transfer to the airport terminals via the LAX Automated People Mover system.[30][31][32] During construction, Metro is only operating the K Line from Expo/Crenshaw station to Westchester/Veterans station with a shuttle service providing passengers access to the LAX shuttle and the C Line at Aviation/LAX station.[33] The northern portion of the line ultimately opened on October 7, 2022.[2]

Future developments

[edit]

Future service patterns

[edit]
Graphics depicting the three options for future C and K Line service patterns. Option 2 was officially chosen in June 2023.

Varying service patterns have been proposed for integrating the completed K Line into the rest of the system over the course of its planning and construction, all of which have involved sharing trackage and infrastructure facilities with the existing C Line. Although some early proposals would have sent trains through all three directions of the wye, this was rejected by Metro because it would cause too much wear and tear on the track switch mechanisms.[34][35]

The debate over service patterns proved somewhat contentious.[36] In 2018, with the line then scheduled to open within the year, the Metro board of directors overrode a recommendation by operations staff that would have had a single line operating between Expo/Crenshaw and Norwalk station. Passengers from the Redondo Beach area would have been served by a shuttle to the LAX area, where they would need to transfer to another train to continue east or north. Instead, board members approved a one-year pilot of a configuration that would combine an Expo-to-Norwalk line with another line that would connect Redondo Beach with Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station, allowing transfers to the A and J Lines.[37][38] The approved plan would have incurred higher operating expenses but board members argued it would retain better transfer opportunities for South Bay residents.[39]

Ongoing construction delays led to a reassessment of that plan in 2022. Metro recommended public outreach aimed at reformulating the operating plan before the connection to the C Line opens in 2024;[10] in March 2023, Metro indicated that it would recommend Option 2 in the figure above, in which the K Line would run north–south between Expo/Crenshaw and Redondo Beach, while the C Line would run west-east between LAX and Norwalk.[40] On June 22, 2023, Metro's board of directors officially approved the implementation of Option 2 based on staff recommendation and public opinion.[5]

LAX/Metro Transit Center

[edit]
Rendering of the LAX/Metro Transit Center station platform

The line was from its inception intended to offer a connection to LAX via an Automated People Mover (APM). However, at the time the line was designed, it was unclear where exactly that connection would take place. While Metro expected that the connection would be at Aviation/Century station, ultimately the route chosen for the LAX Automated People Mover intersected with the new line at 96th Street, about half a mile to the north, requiring the design of an additional station while the overall line was still under construction.

In 2014, Metro approved the planning and scoping of this station, which was called Aviation/96th in planning documents but was ultimately designated LAX/Metro Transit Center station.[41][42] This station is intended to serve as Metro Rail's main gateway to the airport itself, while the Aviation/Century station will serve destinations along the busy Century Boulevard corridor.

While initial plans called for the full length of the project to be opened for service while the LAX/Metro Transit Center was under development, delays in the opening of the main line meant that major construction on the station was already underway by the time the line was ready. As a result, the line opened on October 7, 2022 only from Expo/Crenshaw to Westchester/Veterans.[2]

The C and K lines will begin operating along their final service patterns in late 2024, with Aviation/Century opening. However, the segment of both lines between Westchester/Veterans and Aviation/Century, including LAX/Metro Transit Center, will not provide passenger service for a period of pre-revenue testing before they open at a later date.[10][43]

Platform extensions

[edit]

While the stations on the K Line were built to accommodate three-car trains, the current C Line stations built south of the Interstate 105 were only built to accommodate two-car trains. To enable increased capacity of the line, Metro plans to lengthen the platforms at Aviation/LAX, Mariposa, Douglas, and Redondo Beach. The project would also add traction power substations and replace catenary wire and track ties.[44] In April 2023, the state awarded Metro $95 million for the project, which is expected to cost $141 million. The project is expected to be complete in time for the 2028 Summer Olympics.[45]

Northern extension to Hollywood

[edit]
Main article: K Line Northern Extension
Map of the study area of the K Line Northern Extension Project

The original plans for the Crenshaw/LAX Line project connected Wilshire Boulevard to Los Angeles International Airport. However, once light rail was selected as the preferred mode, the cost for the entire route exceeded the project budget, so part of the corridor north of Exposition Boulevard was deferred until funds became available.

The final design for the Crenshaw/LAX project included a tunneled station at Expo/​Crenshaw to accommodate a potential northward extension, which increased the cost of the original project by $236 million.[46]

With the passage of Measure M and the enthusiastic support of the city of West Hollywood, the K Line Northern Extension, which would travel north from the current Expo/Crenshaw terminus, connecting along the way to the B and D lines, is currently under development. Three options are being studied, all ending at the B Line's Hollywood/Highland station, with an optional station at the Hollywood Bowl also being considered. The San Vicente Alternative, also known as the hybrid alternative, follows Crenshaw Boulevard and San Vicente Boulevard, turning north on Fairfax Avenue to serve The Original Farmers Market and Television City before turning on Beverly Boulevard to connect back to San Vicente Boulevard near Cedars-Sinai Medical Center towards West Hollywood at Pacific Design Center. Finally, serving new stations on Santa Monica Boulevard, the route curves north again towards Hollywood. The other two options follow a traditional north–south routing on either Fairfax Avenue or La Brea Avenue.

Operations

[edit]

On Metro Rail's internal timetables, the K Line is called line 807.

Maintenance

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The K Line is operated by Division 16 (Southwestern Yard) in Westchester directly east of the northern runways of the Los Angeles International Airport, and adjacent to the future LAX/Metro Transit Center station. Trains access the yard via crossovers from the north and south sides of the yard.

A northbound K Line train in Hyde Park

Rolling stock

[edit]

As of 2022, the Kinki Sharyo P3010 is the only rolling stock to serve the K Line. Trains run in one- or two-car consists but has the option to run at a maximum of three cars at anytime. However once service is extended to Redondo Beach, two-car consists will be maximum as the C Line stations south of Aviation/​Century were built for up to two cars only. However, Metro is planning to extend the platforms at these stations to also be able to eventually accommodate up to three-car trains.[44]

Incident

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See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ "Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Patel, Tine (October 7, 2022). "LA Metro's new K Line opens today". CBS. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  3. ^ "Facts At A Glance". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. June 2023. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  4. ^ Cho, Aileen (January 31, 2018). "Above, Below and Through: How They Build L.A.'s New Light Rail Line". Engineering News-Record. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Board of Directors - Regular Board Meeting". Metro. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c Hymon, Steve (October 14, 2024). "Changes are coming Sunday, Nov. 3, to the C and K Lines as we open the new Aviation/Century Station". Metro The Source. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Two big changes are coming soon to the C and K Lines Nov. 3". Instagram. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  8. ^ "Metro K Line schedule". May 19, 2024. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  9. ^ Hymon, Steve (July 23, 2015). "Actions taken today by Metro Board of Directors". The Source. Metro (LACMTA). Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2015. The Board adopted the official names for the stations along the Crenshaw/LAX Line that is currently under construction. The names, from north to south: Expo/Crenshaw, Martin Luther King, Jr., Leimert Park, Hyde Park, Fairview Heights, Downtown Inglewood, Westchester/Veterans and Aviation/Century.
  10. ^ a b c "Crenshaw/LAX Line Operating Plan Update" (PDF). Metro. April 21, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  11. ^ "Fitch Downgrades LINXS (LAX People Mover Project) Sr Revs to BB+; Rating Outlook Negative". Fitch Ratings. January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  12. ^ "Metro Ridership". Metro.net. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
  13. ^ COASTAL CORRIDOR RAIL TRANSIT PROJECT NORTH SEGMENT (PDF). Metro (Report). Bechtel. August 1988. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  14. ^ a b Simon, Richard (August 12, 1995). "Is New Green Line a Road to Nowhere?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  15. ^ Hymon, Steve (August 12, 2020). "The Green Line is 25 years old. Some thoughts on that". The Source. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  16. ^ "LAWA Official Site | commuteLAX". www.lawa.org. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  17. ^ a b Barrett, Matthew (2014). "Los Angeles Transportation Transit History – South LA" (PDF). LACMTA. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  18. ^ "Crenshaw Transit Corridor Locally Preferred Alternative (LPA)" (PDF). Metro (LACMTA). December 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  19. ^ "Crenshaw/LAX Transit Corridor (project website)". Metro (LACMTA). June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  20. ^ "Planning & Programming Committee Crenshaw/LAX Transit Corridor Adopt the Locally Preferred Alternative Maintenance Facility Site" (PDF). Metro (LACMTA). April 20, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  21. ^ "FTA approves L.A. Metro light rail project". Metro Magazine. January 5, 2012. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  22. ^ "Measure R". Metro (LACMTA). Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  23. ^ Ridley-Thomas, Mark (December 2009). "MTA Board Unanimously Adopts $1.7 Billion Crenshaw To LAX Transit Corridor Light Rail System Championed By Supervisor Ridley-Thomas". Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  24. ^ "Crenshaw/LAX Transit Corridor Project Park Mesa Heights Grade Separation Analysis" (PDF). Metro (LACMTA). September 16, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  25. ^ "Board votes to add Leimert Park Village station to Crenshaw/LAX Line — if the funds can be found". The Source. Metro (LACMTA). May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  26. ^ Thomas, Mark Ridley. "Ridley-Thomas Executive Summary" (PDF). p. 25. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  27. ^ "Letter Line ID Project" (PDF). Metro (LACMTA). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  28. ^ Nelson, Laura J. (April 10, 2020). "Construction problems delay Metro's $2-billion Crenshaw Line opening until 2021". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  29. ^ @numble (July 28, 2022). "June 2022 status report for LA Metro's K Line (Crenshaw)". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  30. ^ "Airport Metro Connector". Metro (LACMTA). Archived from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  31. ^ Hymon, Steve (June 18, 2018). "Report explains operating plan for Crenshaw/LAX Line and Green Line". metro.net. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  32. ^ Nelson, Laura J. (June 26, 2014). "Train station to connect Metro rail lines with LAX approved". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  33. ^ Metro (LACMTA). "C and K Line Link". Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  34. ^ Sumers, Brian (January 21, 2014). "Metro breaks ground on new $2 billion L.A. Crenshaw/LAX Line". Daily Breeze. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  35. ^ "City Council approves long-awaited people mover to LAX". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 2018. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  36. ^ "Crenshaw/LAX Line Operations Plan Being Debated, Will Affect Green Line". streetsblog.org. June 22, 2018. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  37. ^ Chiland, Elijah (July 3, 2018). "Will the Crenshaw Line strand South Bay riders?". Curbed LA. Archived from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  38. ^ StreetsblogLA (December 6, 2018). "Metro bd mtg: Barger votes yes. Hahn Crenshaw/Green C3 motion passes 7-4-2 (Ridley-Thomas, Kuehl abstained)". twitter.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  39. ^ "Crenshaw/LAX Line and Green Line Operating Plan Presentation – Sports Competitions – American Football". Scribd. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  40. ^ "C & K Line Operating Plan Update" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  41. ^ Hymon, Steve (June 18, 2018). "Report explains operating plan for Crenshaw/LAX Line and Green Line". metro.net. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  42. ^ Nelson, Laura J. (June 26, 2014). "Train station to connect Metro rail lines with LAX approved". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  43. ^ "2024-0212 - STAFFING REQUEST FOR LAX/METRO TRANSIT CENTER OPENING AND RELATED C AND K LINE RECONFIGURATION". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  44. ^ a b Sharp, Steven (January 14, 2020). "Metro Seeks State Funds to Extend Green Line Platforms". Urbanize Los Angeles. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  45. ^ Steven, Sharp (April 25, 2023). "State awards more funding for L.A. area transportation projects". Urbanize Los Angeles. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  46. ^ "Crenshaw/LAX Transit Corridor Project Final Environmental Impact Report/Final Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary" (PDF). Metro (LACMTA). August 2011. p. ES-26. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  47. ^ "New footage shows Metro train smash into concrete truck stuck on tracks in Inglewood". ABC7 Los Angeles. KABC Television, LLC. February 18, 2023. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
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